Nursing fathers and mothers to the church

Jeri Tanner

Jeri Tanner

Administrator
Staff member
I would love to have a good working list of magistrates from the Old and New Testaments, and from church history onward, who served as nursing fathers and mothers to the church. They don't have to be perfect; for instance I would count Cyrus and Constantine among those. If anyone has such a list or knows of a resource please share, and also just throw out names in this thread. They can be famous or little-known. Thanks in advance!
 
Edward VI
Alfred the Great
Charlemagne?
I believe the Synod of Dort was called/supported by the powers that be?
The English Parliament, which called for the Westminster Assembly
Luther was kept in safety by the Duke of Saxony, I believe?

And there's a whole movement called the Magisterial Reformers, where reformation was initiated by the civil authorities top-down. Because of Protestant rulers it was safe to at least be Lutheran in many German territories. The magistrate also had a lot to do with reformation in Basel, Zurich, and Geneva.
 
A few others:

-Emperor Theodosius of the Roman East
-Emperor Justinian?
-Elizabeth I - Commendable in getting RC'ism out of power and instating Calvinist soteriology, not good in freezing England in a half-Reformed state.
-Frederick III "The Pious" of Palatinate - Translated the 1st Helvetic into German.
-Marguerite d'Angoulee, Queen of Navarre - Sister of king, fan of French preacher Lefevre; at least made effort to let Reformed voices be heard
-Henri Navarre - Protestant king, was of some help, though is a might-have-been because in the end "Paris is worth a mass."
-Henry IV of France - Put forth the Edict of Nantes, which gave limited toleration to Protestants; not sure about his overall theology.
- French nobles had used their power and influence to protect Protestants--and there were many sympathetic nobles (45-50%)! Gaspard do Coligny, Louis de Conde, Jean d'Albret are some big names.

Wicked magistrates who helped the church anyway
-Henry VIII - Broke RC power in England for a minute; did finally authorize translation of the Bible into English
-King James - Wicked man, though did authorize a translation that has served the church for over 400 years (though I question his motives)

If you read the third volume of 2000 Years of Christ's Power, you'll find more I'm sure. As said before, the magistrates were crucial to the Reformation in Europe. They had the money, power, resources, and (thankfully in cases) piety and zeal to see God's cause advanced.
 
Best book written on the subject:
tentsofshem.wordpress.com

The Church in the Theology of the Reformers (Avis)

Avis, Paul D. L. The Church in the Theology of the Reformers. Atlanta, GA: John Knox Press, 1981. This is not a full review. I think it is better served by highlighting the political gains an…
tentsofshem.wordpress.com tentsofshem.wordpress.com

Keep in mind, though, that such treatments and ideas will come very close to Erastianism at times. That is not so say they are wrong, and I am in fact sympathetic to it.
 
Solparvus said:
Edward VI
Alfred the Great
Charlemagne?
I believe the Synod of Dort was called/supported by the powers that be?
The English Parliament, which called for the Westminster Assembly
Luther was kept in safety by the Duke of Saxony, I believe?

And there's a whole movement called the Magisterial Reformers, where reformation was initiated by the civil authorities top-down. Because of Protestant rulers it was safe to at least be Lutheran in many German territories. The magistrate also had a lot to do with reformation in Basel, Zurich, and Geneva.
Click to expand...

Solparvus said:
A few others:

-Emperor Theodosius of the Roman East
-Emperor Justinian?
-Elizabeth I - Commendable in getting RC'ism out of power and instating Calvinist soteriology, not good in freezing England in a half-Reformed state.
-Frederick III "The Pious" of Palatinate - Translated the 1st Helvetic into German.
-Marguerite d'Angoulee, Queen of Navarre - Sister of king, fan of French preacher Lefevre; at least made effort to let Reformed voices be heard
-Henri Navarre - Protestant king, was of some help, though is a might-have-been because in the end "Paris is worth a mass."
-Henry IV of France - Put forth the Edict of Nantes, which gave limited toleration to Protestants; not sure about his overall theology.
- French nobles had used their power and influence to protect Protestants--and there were many sympathetic nobles (45-50%)! Gaspard do Coligny, Louis de Conde, Jean d'Albret are some big names.

Wicked magistrates who helped the church anyway
-Henry VIII - Broke RC power in England for a minute; did finally authorize translation of the Bible into English
-King James - Wicked man, though did authorize a translation that has served the church for over 400 years (though I question his motives)

If you read the third volume of 2000 Years of Christ's Power, you'll find more I'm sure. As said before, the magistrates were crucial to the Reformation in Europe. They had the money, power, resources, and (thankfully in cases) piety and zeal to see God's cause advanced.
Click to expand...
Great lists and info, thanks Jake.
 
RamistThomist said:
Best book written on the subject:
tentsofshem.wordpress.com

The Church in the Theology of the Reformers (Avis)

Avis, Paul D. L. The Church in the Theology of the Reformers. Atlanta, GA: John Knox Press, 1981. This is not a full review. I think it is better served by highlighting the political gains an…
tentsofshem.wordpress.com tentsofshem.wordpress.com

Keep in mind, though, that such treatments and ideas will come very close to Erastianism at times. That is not so say they are wrong, and I am in fact sympathetic to it.
Click to expand...
Thanks, Jacob, will look forward to reading your review!
 
Solparvus said:
A few others:

-Emperor Theodosius of the Roman East
-Emperor Justinian?
-Elizabeth I - Commendable in getting RC'ism out of power and instating Calvinist soteriology, not good in freezing England in a half-Reformed state.
-Frederick III "The Pious" of Palatinate - Translated the 1st Helvetic into German.
-Marguerite d'Angoulee, Queen of Navarre - Sister of king, fan of French preacher Lefevre; at least made effort to let Reformed voices be heard
-Henri Navarre - Protestant king, was of some help, though is a might-have-been because in the end "Paris is worth a mass."
-Henry IV of France - Put forth the Edict of Nantes, which gave limited toleration to Protestants; not sure about his overall theology.
- French nobles had used their power and influence to protect Protestants--and there were many sympathetic nobles (45-50%)! Gaspard do Coligny, Louis de Conde, Jean d'Albret are some big names.

Wicked magistrates who helped the church anyway
-Henry VIII - Broke RC power in England for a minute; did finally authorize translation of the Bible into English
-King James - Wicked man, though did authorize a translation that has served the church for over 400 years (though I question his motives)

If you read the third volume of 2000 Years of Christ's Power, you'll find more I'm sure. As said before, the magistrates were crucial to the Reformation in Europe. They had the money, power, resources, and (thankfully in cases) piety and zeal to see God's cause advanced.
Click to expand...
Thanks for that.

Just a brief remark: Henri de Navarre and Henri IV are the same person.
 
Jeri Tanner said:
I would love to have a good working list of magistrates from the Old and New Testaments, and from church history onward, who served as nursing fathers and mothers to the church. They don't have to be perfect; for instance I would count Cyrus and Constantine among those. If anyone has such a list or knows of a resource please share, and also just throw out names in this thread. They can be famous or little-known. Thanks in advance!
Click to expand...
Queen Jeanne d'Albret would be one. She was Queen of Béarn and established the reformed religion in that kingdom.
Her son was Henri de Navarre who became Henri IV king of France.
 
As long as we're including leaders like Constantine, one could also mention Vladimir I - aka Vladimir the Great - who converted and (rather forcibly) Christianized Kievan Rus', a move which later spread to other areas of Eastern Europe.
 
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Jeri Tanner said:
I would love to have a good working list of magistrates from the Old and New Testaments, and from church history onward
Click to expand...

Great topic!

I addressed the following question to Chatgpt 4.0.

Isaiah 49:23, "And kings shall be thy nursing fathers and their queens thy nursing mothers etc.," is one example of several verses in the Bible that describe civil rulers who would support the cause of religion. It is of particular interest to me and therefore my question to you. Can you list those civil rulers who, in both great and small ways, favored or protected the Church as spoken of in the Bible? I would include rulers such as Cyrus and Constantine. It matters little if these "fathers" and "mothers" were believers.

~~~~~~~~~~~~

Biblical Times:
  1. Cyrus the Great (King of Persia) - Allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple (Isaiah 44:28, Ezra 1:1-4).
  2. Darius I (King of Persia) - Supported the rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple (Ezra 6:1-12).
  3. Artaxerxes I (King of Persia) - Provided support for Ezra and Nehemiah in the rebuilding of Jerusalem (Ezra 7:11-28, Nehemiah 2:1-9).
  4. Nebuchadnezzar II (King of Babylon) - Though initially a conqueror, he later acknowledged the power of the God of Israel (Daniel 4:34-37).
Early Christian and Medieval Periods:

  1. Constantine the Great (Roman Emperor) - First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and issued the Edict of Milan, granting religious tolerance for Christianity (313 AD).
  2. Emperor Theodosius I (Roman Emperor) - Made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire and took measures to suppress paganism (Edict of Thessalonica, 380 AD).
  3. Justinian I (Byzantine Emperor) - Promoted Christianity, reformed the Church, and built the Hagia Sophia.
  4. Clovis I (King of the Franks) - Converted to Christianity and helped spread the religion among the Franks.
  5. Charlemagne (King of the Franks and later Emperor of the Carolingian Empire) - Supported the Church and promoted the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of learning and culture based on Christian principles.
Reformation and Post-Reformation Periods:

  1. Henry VIII (King of England) - Broke from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
  2. Elizabeth I (Queen of England) - Reestablished the Church of England and pursued a policy of religious compromise.
  3. James I (King of England) - Authorized the King James Version of the Bible, promoting Protestant Christianity.
  4. Frederick III, Elector Palatine (Frederick "The Pious") - Supported the Protestant Reformation and Calvinism.
  5. John III Sobieski (King of Poland) - Known for defending Christian Europe against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vienna in 1683.
  6. Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empress) - Supported the Catholic Church and initiated reforms that helped strengthen its position in her realm.
  7. Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor) - Defended Catholicism during the wars with the Ottoman Empire and supported the Church in his territories.
Modern Period:

  1. Pope Pius IX - Protected the Church during the time of Italian unification and declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.
  2. Pope John Paul II - Played a significant role in the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and supported the global Catholic Church's influence and presence.
These rulers, through their policies, actions, and personal convictions, had a significant impact on the religious landscape of their times, promoting and protecting various aspects of Christianity and the Church.
 
Another interesting figure is Tiridates III of Armenia. He was the first leader to make Christianity their nation's official religion (301 AD). While Constantine made Christianity a legal, and in many ways the preferred religion in the Roman Empire (313 AD), as Ed's post indicates, Christianity wasn't formally made the state religion until 380 AD. So, the first national Christians were actually Armenian...
 
William Tanner Young, along with a host of Brittish and Prussian officials and politicians at the time، who exerted the necessary pressure on the Ottoman Turks to establish a Protestant presence in the Middle East; something that would otherwise never be allowed by the Ottoman Caliphs.
 
It's really all so thrilling as the big picture emerges. So, so many; the Lord obviously takes the same care to raise up these nursing fathers and mothers, some on a small scale, others on a much larger scale, as he does the raising up of ministers of the gospel. We should really humble ourselves and pray; 1 Timothy 2:1.
 
That said, and I speak as an avowed royalist, many of these kings held beliefs that were deeply problematic (and for many on this board, would deemed heretical).
 
RamistThomist said:
That said, and I speak as an avowed royalist, many of these kings held beliefs that were deeply problematic (and for many on this board, would deemed heretical).
Click to expand...
Yes, the Lord seems pleased to at times use imperfect or even wicked (?) men for the good of his church. Would it be right to still refer to them as nursing fathers/mothers? By that phrase does the Scripture necessarily limit them to a certain character, or is it that he uses all kinds of men and women to help his church in that role? I think of Charles Martel; his aim was to stop the Muslims for his own purposes but he also stopped their persecution of the church.
 
Jeri Tanner said:
Yes, the Lord seems pleased to at times use imperfect or even wicked (?) men for the good of his church. Would it be right to still refer to them as nursing fathers/mothers? By that phrase does the Scripture necessarily limit them to a certain character, or is it that he uses all kinds of men and women to help his church in that role? I think of Charles Martel; his aim was to stop the Muslims for his own purposes but he also stopped their persecution of the church.
Click to expand...

The Westminster Standards make clear that the king's legitimacy in no way depends on his orthodoxy. I'm just saying that a number of these rulers probably prayed to Mary, among other things.
 
Indeed. One issue with the magisterial reformers is that sometimes their policies and methods could be considered Erastian. At times the magistrates stuck their hands where they didn't belong. For example, Bucer could not perform excommunication in Strasbourg without their permission. The church membership there agreed to voluntarily enact and enforce it among themselves. Calvin was butting heads often with the powers that be in Geneva while attempting to institute reforms. Magistrates often had some out-weighted say in who pastors, who oversees, and how, and where. Luther's idea of "emergency bishops" backfired when things got hot in the civil order.

Such is the nature of being the frontier pastors in a very long-needed great work of God.
 
Sam Jer said:
William Tanner Young, along with a host of Brittish and Prussian officials and politicians at the time، who exerted the necessary pressure on the Ottoman Turks to establish a Protestant presence in the Middle East; something that would otherwise never be allowed by the Ottoman Caliphs.
Click to expand...


Now that I got another moment to dig up some of the other names related to the above event:
- Muhammad Ali Pasha (allowed a mission station in Jerusalem)
- Lord Palmerston (Brittish Prime Minister)
- The (edit: Seventh) Earl of Shaftesbury (British Politician)
- Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia
- James Finn (another British consul)
 
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Ed Walsh said:
These rulers, through their policies, actions, and personal convictions, had a significant impact on the religious landscape of their times, promoting and protecting various aspects of Christianity and the Church.
Click to expand...

WARNING: I'm going to stir the waters just a bit. :cool:

Q. Do you think that God exaggerates what He says about the future? He indeed uses what among men would be grandiose language in His statements about the future glory of the Church.


'I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. The glory that you have given me I have given to them, that they may be one even as we are one, I in them and you in me, that they may become perfectly one, so that the world may know that you sent me and loved them even as you loved me. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me. '

John 17:9,20-23

John 17:9, 20-23 I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, jus

I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may...
www.bible.com
in 49:22–26, our God is the triumphant Lord.

Can the prey be taken from the mighty,
or the captives of a tyrant be rescued?
For thus says the LORD:
“Even the captives of the mighty shall be taken,
and the prey of the tyrant be rescued,
for I will contend with those who contend with you,
and I will save your children.
I will make your oppressors eat their own flesh,
and they shall be drunk with their own blood as with wine.
Then all flesh shall know
that I am the LORD your Savior,
and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.” (vv. 24–26)

Isaiah’s bold language in this paragraph should not be misunderstood. With the gospel expanding the whole world over, with more and more people reverencing the church as their spiritual mother, is this powerful movement the tedious imposition of just another religious colonialism? No. The prestige given to the growing church of the latter days is the willing expression of spiritual indebtedness. In fact, it’s happening all around the world today through Christian missions. And as history draws closer to the return of Christ, gospel breakthroughs will accelerate. Middle walls of partition will break down, and new bonds of spiritual affection will bring former enemies together as one in Christ, filling Mother Church with many happy children. Far from religious bondage, the gospel-driven triumph of the church is God himself putting an end to long-standing oppressions.
Those who oppose the onrush of Joy end up consuming themselves as they hold out in their psychological and cultural bastions against Christ (v. 26). The victory of Christ will be so glorious that all flesh will admit God has stepped into history with a mighty salvation.
RamistThomist said:
That said, and I speak as an avowed royalist, many of these kings held beliefs that were deeply problematic (and for many on this board, would deemed heretical).
Click to expand...

Yes, and isn't it wonderful that God uses such people for the good of the Church. It really shows you who's in charge, doesn't it?

And at the risk of stirring the water, I think we ain't seen nothing yet. Or, maybe we think that God exaggerates a bit. I mean, in Zachariah chapter 14 the prophet speaks of the nation that will not serve the Lord as the exception and the minority. That's why I think that we don't have eschatology all figured out quite yet. The prophecies throughout the Bible are wildly grandiose. And the Scripture also says that He will do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or can even think. I think the Lord may be understating what he will do. But that's enough of that.
 
Ed Walsh said:
WARNING: I'm going to stir the waters just a bit. :cool:

Q. Do you think that God exaggerates what He says about the future? He indeed uses what among men would be grandiose language in His statements about the future glory of the Church.


'I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. The glory that you have given me I have given to them, that they may be one even as we are one, I in them and you in me, that they may become perfectly one, so that the world may know that you sent me and loved them even as you loved me. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me. '

John 17:9,20-23

John 17:9, 20-23 I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, jus

I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may...
www.bible.com
in 49:22–26, our God is the triumphant Lord.

Can the prey be taken from the mighty,
or the captives of a tyrant be rescued?
For thus says the LORD:
“Even the captives of the mighty shall be taken,
and the prey of the tyrant be rescued,
for I will contend with those who contend with you,
and I will save your children.
I will make your oppressors eat their own flesh,
and they shall be drunk with their own blood as with wine.
Then all flesh shall know
that I am the LORD your Savior,
and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.” (vv. 24–26)

Isaiah’s bold language in this paragraph should not be misunderstood. With the gospel expanding the whole world over, with more and more people reverencing the church as their spiritual mother, is this powerful movement the tedious imposition of just another religious colonialism? No. The prestige given to the growing church of the latter days is the willing expression of spiritual indebtedness. In fact, it’s happening all around the world today through Christian missions. And as history draws closer to the return of Christ, gospel breakthroughs will accelerate. Middle walls of partition will break down, and new bonds of spiritual affection will bring former enemies together as one in Christ, filling Mother Church with many happy children. Far from religious bondage, the gospel-driven triumph of the church is God himself putting an end to long-standing oppressions.
Those who oppose the onrush of Joy end up consuming themselves as they hold out in their psychological and cultural bastions against Christ (v. 26). The victory of Christ will be so glorious that all flesh will admit God has stepped into history with a mighty salvation.


Yes, and isn't it wonderful that God uses such people for the good of the Church. It really shows you who's in charge, doesn't it?

And at the risk of stirring the water, I think we ain't seen nothing yet. Or, maybe we think that God exaggerates a bit. I mean, in Zachariah chapter 14 the prophet speaks of the nation that will not serve the Lord as the exception and the minority. That's why I think that we don't have eschatology all figured out quite yet. The prophecies throughout the Bible are wildly grandiose. And the Scripture also says that He will do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or can even think. I think the Lord may be understating what he will do. But that's enough of that.
Click to expand...
I thought about this the other day, especially regarding this passage:

Isaiah 60:1-9
[1] Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the LORD is risen upon thee. [2] For, behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people: but the LORD shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee. [3] And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising. [4] Lift up thine eyes round about, and see: all they gather themselves together, they come to thee: thy sons shall come from far, and thy daughters shall be nursed at thy side. [5] Then thou shalt see, and flow together, and thine heart shall fear, and be enlarged; because the abundance of the sea shall be converted unto thee, the forces of the Gentiles shall come unto thee. [6] The multitude of camels shall cover thee, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come: they shall bring gold and incense; and they shall shew forth the praises of the LORD. [7] All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered together unto thee, the rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee: they shall come up with acceptance on mine altar, and I will glorify the house of my glory. [8] Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as the doves to their windows? [9] Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them, unto the name of the LORD thy God, and to the Holy One of Israel, because he hath glorified thee.
Click to expand...

Saudi Arabia is famously unchurched by law. These sorts of laws have existed in Arabia for millenia, since the time of Muhammad. All the smaller states in Arabia are only doing slightly better. And yet God's promise is that all the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered together unto the church.
 
Ed Walsh said:
WARNING: I'm going to stir the waters just a bit. :cool:

Q. Do you think that God exaggerates what He says about the future? He indeed uses what among men would be grandiose language in His statements about the future glory of the Church.


'I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. The glory that you have given me I have given to them, that they may be one even as we are one, I in them and you in me, that they may become perfectly one, so that the world may know that you sent me and loved them even as you loved me. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me. '

John 17:9,20-23

John 17:9, 20-23 I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, jus

I am praying for them. I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours. “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may...
www.bible.com
in 49:22–26, our God is the triumphant Lord.

Can the prey be taken from the mighty,
or the captives of a tyrant be rescued?
For thus says the LORD:
“Even the captives of the mighty shall be taken,
and the prey of the tyrant be rescued,
for I will contend with those who contend with you,
and I will save your children.
I will make your oppressors eat their own flesh,
and they shall be drunk with their own blood as with wine.
Then all flesh shall know
that I am the LORD your Savior,
and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.” (vv. 24–26)

Isaiah’s bold language in this paragraph should not be misunderstood. With the gospel expanding the whole world over, with more and more people reverencing the church as their spiritual mother, is this powerful movement the tedious imposition of just another religious colonialism? No. The prestige given to the growing church of the latter days is the willing expression of spiritual indebtedness. In fact, it’s happening all around the world today through Christian missions. And as history draws closer to the return of Christ, gospel breakthroughs will accelerate. Middle walls of partition will break down, and new bonds of spiritual affection will bring former enemies together as one in Christ, filling Mother Church with many happy children. Far from religious bondage, the gospel-driven triumph of the church is God himself putting an end to long-standing oppressions.
Those who oppose the onrush of Joy end up consuming themselves as they hold out in their psychological and cultural bastions against Christ (v. 26). The victory of Christ will be so glorious that all flesh will admit God has stepped into history with a mighty salvation.


Yes, and isn't it wonderful that God uses such people for the good of the Church. It really shows you who's in charge, doesn't it?

And at the risk of stirring the water, I think we ain't seen nothing yet. Or, maybe we think that God exaggerates a bit. I mean, in Zachariah chapter 14 the prophet speaks of the nation that will not serve the Lord as the exception and the minority. That's why I think that we don't have eschatology all figured out quite yet. The prophecies throughout the Bible are wildly grandiose. And the Scripture also says that He will do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or can even think. I think the Lord may be understating what he will do. But that's enough of that.
Click to expand...

I don't believe in postmillennialism, so I reject those arguments. Zech. 14 doesn't work, since premils can fit that in their framework, too, but that's not my concern at the moment. My point is that the nursing father often calls the shots for doctrine and discipline. That has historically been the case.
 
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